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所有信息均基于 2011 年 10 月 25 日发布的 UL 651 第八版进行解释,并且 一切解释权归UL所有。
40 号和 80 号规格、EB 型和 A 型挤压硬质 PVC 导管及配件。UL651 适用于相关配件,包括弯头、接头、适配器、伸缩接头、伸缩-偏转接头、偏转接头以及建筑用硬质管配件。但是,UPVC 材料必须符合 ASTM 1784 的相关要求。
UL 651 的相关标准已涵盖 NEC(美国国家电气规范)和 NFPA 70 的相关标准。Schedule 40 和 80 硬质 PVC 导管及配件可用于室内外装修或户外使用。必须避免阳光直射和恶劣天气的影响,并可直接用于混凝土中。
Schedule 40 和 Schedule 80 硬质 PVC 导管和配件 可在 50°C (122°F) 至 75°C (167°F) 的温度下使用
运行良好,可以满足 90°C (194°F) 的接线需求。
对于清洁再生材料或混合材料,制造商必须确保满足相关标准,例如UL746D和UL相关标准。
这里我们想表达一下我们的观点,虽然为了环保,使用再生料或者混合生产可以减少原材料的浪费,但是缺点就是会导致性能的下降。
那么就会出现这样的情况,市面上很多产品都声称通过了相关的UL标准认证。确实,它们也有符合性证书。但在性能方面,确实存在下降,比如抗拉伸性。
Schedule 40 和 80 硬质 PVC 导管和配件可抵抗常见的腐蚀影响,包括碱、氢氟酸和铬酸蒸汽和雾,以及酸洗和电镀,并满足这些工业场景中用户的需求。
Schedule 40 和 Schedule 80 硬质 PVC 导管及配件内壁应光滑,且不应存在毛刺损坏电线的风险。此外,管材外表面不应存在碎片、气泡、裂纹、剥落、结垢、粉化或其他缺陷。
管体必须保持纵坐标垂直,且无螺纹。使用千分尺或锥形套筒量规进行测量,刻度需精确到0.001英寸或0.01毫米,测量精度偏差不得超过±1%。测量尺寸需符合相关规定尺寸。相关数据已包含公差范围。需满足的尺寸包括外径、内径和壁厚。此外,与接箍一样,需要测量长度、承插深度等。
表 4.1 清楚列出了 Schedule 40 和 80 硬质 PVC 导管的尺寸要求。一般而言,外径 (OD) 的公差范围为 ±0.004 英寸至 ±0.011 英寸,而内径 (ID) 和壁厚则规定了最小值,以确保达到所需的参数。
对于A型和EB型,基本方法类似。区别在于,在这个版本中,EB型的外径和壁厚,官方描述是“如果这些尺寸被确定为可接受的,将添加其他要求”。
对于配件的质量要求,UL651也有一些规定,比如内壁光滑,无毛刺,不能影响电线的走线,不允许有碎片、砂眼、裂纹、剥落、剥落、粉化等缺陷。
UL 651 还规定了所有与刚性导管匹配的附件的长度、壁厚、插座直径等参数的最大值和最小值。例如,对于 EB 型和 A 型导管的连接器,在 1/2 至 6 英寸的贸易尺寸条件下,插座内端内径的平均公差为 ±0.008 英寸至 ±0.014 英寸,而插座入口内径的平均公差为 ±0.015 英寸至 ±0.023 英寸,尺寸要求在相关表格中指定。
还有一些特殊情况,我们在此简要列出。例如,适用于螺纹 PVC 电线和管的螺纹接头,螺纹必须清晰干净,尺寸需要符合 ASME B1.20.1-1983 的要求。同时,螺纹端口应具有足够的空间,并符合弯曲测试的要求。
由于配件太多,这里就不一一列举了。
UL651 的性能测试多达 19 项,是对产品性能的终极考验。我们挑选以下几项进行讲解:
- 抗拉强度
- 挤压
- 吸水率
- 抗冲击性
- 抗压强度
- 火焰
- 耐日光性
- Schedule 40 和 Schedule 80 适用于 90°C 电线
- 印刷持久性
该测试的主要目的是确定硬质PVC导管老化和未老化样品的拉伸强度。老化样品的拉伸强度必须至少达到未老化样品的95%,才能符合合规要求。
- 从成品导管上切下六个样本,具体尺寸取决于导管类型。
- 使用精密千分尺进行测量,包括壁厚和直径,最小精度为 0.0001 英寸(0.001 毫米)。
- 测试前,导管必须清洁且温度控制在 23.0 ±2.0°C (73.4 ±3.6°F)。
- 老化过程: 将三个样品放入温度为 113.0 ±1.0°C (235.4 ±1.8°F) 的循环空气烘箱中烘烤 168 小时,然后在静止空气中冷却。
- 拉伸试验:
- 对六个样品(三个老化,三个未老化)在老化后 16 至 96 小时内进行测试。
- 插入金属塞以防止测试过程中挤压。
- 每个样本在动力驱动的机器上受到拉伸力,夹具以每分钟 1/2 ±1/8 英寸(10.0 ±2.5 毫米)的受控速率分离。
- 记录失效前的最大负载。
- 抗拉强度是通过将最大负载除以横截面积来计算的。
- 比较老化和未老化样品的平均拉伸强度,以确保符合 UL651 要求:
附表 40 和 80: 最低 5,000 psi (34.5 MN/m²)。
A 型和 EB 型: 最低 4,000 psi (27.6 MN/m²)。
- 老化后的试样必须保持未老化试样的拉伸强度至少 95%。
使用无水丙酮模拟挤出PVC管材,观察并检测其熔接不完全的情况。一般情况下,浸泡后是否出现大面积起皮、开裂等问题,可以判断产品是否符合标准要求。这对于PVC导管的原材料质量和生产工艺都是一次极大的考验。
UL651 要求在完成 PVC 导管 在蒸馏水中浸泡24小时,吸水率不得超过其重量的0.50%。这很容易理解。如果我们将PVC管埋入地下,它们不可避免地会受到土壤中水分的影响。如果PVC导管吸水过多膨胀,就会导致导管连接处膨胀变形,导致密封性变差,最终导致电线得不到应有的保护。
UL 651 中概述的抗冲击测试评估了硬质 PVC 导管承受物理冲击的能力,确保其不会出现超过可接受限度的开裂或撕裂。该测试对于评估导管在实际条件下的耐用性和机械强度至关重要,确保导管即使受到突然的力或冲击也能保持完好无损并正常工作。
- 十 6 英寸(150 毫米)样本 是从每种贸易尺寸的硬质 PVC 导管的成品长度上切割下来的。
- 标本必须 无裂纹、撕裂或其他瑕疵 测试之前。
- 样品在空气中调节温度 23.0 ±2.0°C(73.4 ±3.6°F) 至少 4小时 确保统一的测试条件。
- 每个样本放置在 实心、平坦、钢板 至少 1/2 英寸(13 毫米)厚 并牢固地固定在水平位置。
- 一个 钢重量,形状为实心直圆柱体,具有平坦的冲击面和圆形边缘,从指定的高度落到样品上。
- 影响条件取决于导管类型:
附表 40、A 类和 EB 类:
重量: 20磅(9.1公斤)
气缸直径: 2英寸(51毫米)
附表80:
重量: 75磅(34公斤)
气缸直径: 6英寸(150毫米)
- 这 重物的平面 撞击标本的中心 横跨直径并沿纵轴,确保冲击力标准化。
- 有一个机制来确保重量 只攻击一次 每次测试。
- 硬质PVC导管 考试不及格 如果超过 十分之三 样品出现裂纹或撕裂 长度超过 1/32 英寸(0.8 毫米) 沿着外表面。
- 如果 七个或更多 样本保持完整或在允许的限度内出现裂缝/撕裂,导管 通过测试.
抗压强度测试评估硬质 PVC 导管承受外部压力而不发生明显变形或结构破坏的能力。该测试可确保导管在压缩力作用下保持完整性,这对于其在地下、封闭或暴露安装中可能承受重载的性能至关重要。
通过模拟真实环境条件,该测试可验证导管在规定负载下不会弯曲或过度变形。通过该测试的关键标准是,内径短轴的减小量不得小于负载前原始尺寸的70%。
该项试验与抗冲击试验不同,因为PVC导管埋设在地面或者墙体中,长期处于压力之下,该项试验试验的是PVC导管在压力作用下的抗压能力,这也是影响其寿命的因素。
UL 651 中的火焰测试评估了 Schedule 40 和 Schedule 80 硬质 PVC 导管的耐火性,以确保其在发生火灾时不会持续燃烧或蔓延火焰。该测试旨在确认导管能够快速自熄,并且不会点燃附近的可燃物。
在测试过程中,导管暴露在 60秒火焰应用,重复 三次,每次曝光间隔30秒。管道 必须在 5 秒内停止燃烧 每次火焰应用后,不得释放可能点燃周围材料的燃烧颗粒。如果导管不符合这些标准,则被认为不适用于存在消防安全隐患的应用。
该测试模拟了Schedule 40 & 80 PVC导管在受到火灾威胁时是否能够提供最大程度的保护。如果导管具有优异的阻燃性,则可以确保在明火熄灭时导管内的电线完好无损,从而不至于造成更严重的事故。
UL 651 中的耐日光测试评估了 40 号和 80 号硬质 PVC 导管在长时间暴露于紫外线辐射下而不发生明显降解的能力。由于户外电气安装经常会将导管暴露在直射的阳光下,因此这项测试可确保材料保持其 机械完整性和抗冲击性 随着时间的推移。
测试涉及 伊佐德冲击强度测量 未经老化和紫外线处理的导管样品制成的缺口试样。这些样品暴露在紫外线下长达 1440小时之后,根据 ASTM D 256 标准测试其抗冲击强度。为了通过测试,导管必须保持 UL 651 规定的可接受的抗冲击性水平。
该测试过程可确保硬质 PVC 导管在户外应用中保持耐用性和可靠性,提供长期性能并防止紫外线照射和风化等环境因素的影响。
在 UL651 要求中,一项关键规范是能够支持 90°C 额定电线,这表示导管内导体的最高工作温度。
90°C 额定值是指电线绝缘层在不随时间推移而性能下降的情况下能够承受的最高温度。UL 651 认证的 PVC 导管通常额定适用于 75°C 的导体,但现在许多电气规范要求使用 90°C 额定值的导管,以便在不降低系统额定值的情况下适应更高温的布线。这种更高的耐温性可确保电气系统以最高效率运行,同时保持安全性和可靠性。
为了达到 90°C 的额定温度,PVC 导管必须通过额外的长期测试,这超出了 75°C 导管的标准要求。UL 651 规定的测试流程持续 360 天以上,导管需承受各种环境压力,包括长时间高温,以评估其抗热降解性、机械完整性和整体性能。
该测试包括将导管样品放入 80°C (176°F) 循环空气烤箱 for up to 360 days. At specific intervals, impact tests are conducted using a steel cylinder drop method to determine impact strength retention over time. A smooth degradation curve is plotted, and the conduit must maintain at least 50% of its initial impact strength after prolonged exposure.
This rigorous evaluation ensures that Schedule 40 and 80 PVC conduits remain reliable and structurally sound when used with high-temperature wiring, providing long-term safety and performance in demanding electrical applications.
Compliant 90°C-rated conduit must also include permanent markings that explicitly state “maximum 90°C wire” or “max 90°C wire”. Listing agencies such as UL, ETL require these markings to confirm the conduit meets the standard.
If a conduit does not have this mandatory marking, it is not compliant with the 90°C specification, regardless of manufacturer claims. Using non-compliant conduits in systems designed for 90°C conductors can lead to serious consequences, including failed inspections, system rejection, costly replacements, and legal liabilities.
This test requires the sample to be subjected to an aging test for 168 hours in advance, soaked in tap water for 24 hours, and then rubbed with IRM902 oil to start the test. The test will use a simple automatic device to allow the tape to contact the printed part of the catheter at a fixed cycle, with a back-and-forth motion for each cycle, for a total of 50 cycles.
After the tests above, the printed characters should be clearly visible for qualified products.
Since most manufacturers are now laser engraving, this test is not too harsh. Its purpose is mainly to retain catheter printing, which can trace the manufacturer, production date, etc.
The usual PVC rigid tube printing needs to include the following:
1) With the words’ Rigid PVC conduit’;
2) Trade size
3) The name of the manufacturer or brand owner
4) Production date
5) The information above needs to be printed at least once every 10ft.
6) As stated in the chapter above, printing is permanent
In addition, there are some detailed requirements for Schedule 40 & 80 PVC conduit. For example, the printing should be updated to Schedule 40 or Schedule 80 Rigid PVC conduit for these two conduits.
Some are suitable for 90°C (194°F) wires, then the “maximum 90°C wire” should be marked on the printing. There are also some special requirements. For example, if Schedule 40 rigid conduit is only suitable for underground use, then “Underground Use Only” should be printed.
As for the printing of accessory products, because most of them are produced by injection molding technology, it only needs to be done during the mold design, and it needs to meet the permanent requirements. The printed content is generally the manufacturer’s or brand’s name and the product model. Similar to Schedule 40 or Schedule 80 Rigid PVC conduit, if it can only be used in limited scenarios, it needs to be noted, such as buried in the ground, or it is only suitable for 90°C wires.
NEC (National Electrical Code) has outlined the installation and usage requirements of PVC conduit, to ensure compliance with electrical safety standards. Article 352 of NEC specifies the key applications, limitations, and installation requirements, follow are some key information:
Applications for PVC Conduit:
Uses Permitted | Uses Not Permitted |
Concealed installations within walls, floors, or ceilings | In hazardous (classified) locations unless specifically permitted |
Wet and dry locations | As a means of support for luminaries (light fixtures) |
Corrosive environments where metal conduits could deteriorate | Where subject to severe physical damage |
Underground installations, including direct burial | In areas where temperatures exceed 50°C (122°F) |
Exposed applications, provided the conduit is rated for sunlight resistance | Where it may be used as a grounding conductor |
Conduit Fill: The number of conductors must comply with NEC Chapter 9.
Conduit Fill Size Chart for PVC Conduit
导体数量 | Cross-Sectional Area (%) |
1 | 53 |
2 | 31 |
超过 2 | 40 |
Support Requirements: Must be secured within 3 feet (900mm) of terminations and supported per NEC Table 352.30.
Expansion Fittings: Required when thermal expansions is expected to exceed 1/4 inch (6mm).
接地: PVC conduit does not provide an equipment grounding path; a separate grounding conductor is required.
材质成分: Must be made from non-plasticized PVC, resistant to moisture, chemicals, impact, and fire, and UV-resistant for above ground use.
Ledes is a trusted manufacturer in high-quality electrical conduit solutions, committed to delivering safe, durable, and high-performance products that meet industry standards. Our extensive range of UL-listed PVC conduits and fittings ensures compliance with the UL standard, offering superior reliability for a variety of electrical applications.
Ledes provides UL-listed PVC conduits and fittings that for use with the conduits, including:
- 40 号 PVC 导管 – A versatile, lightweight option suitable for general-purpose electrical installations, both aboveground and underground.
- 80 号 PVC 导管 – Features a thicker wall for enhanced impact resistance, ideal for high-traffic or demanding environments.
- Elbows – Available in 45°, 90°, and other custom angles of standard elbows and special radius elbows, these elbows allow smooth directional changes in conduit runs without compromising wiring integrity.
- 联轴器 – Essential for joining conduit sections, ensuring a seamless and secure connection for continuous wiring runs.
- 适配器 – Including Male Terminal Adapters and Female Adapters, enabling smooth transitions between different conduit types, boxes, or enclosures.
- Pipe Straps – Strong and reliable conduit supports that securely fasten Schedule 40 and 80 conduits to walls, ceilings, or other structures.
- Gang Boxes – Designed for secure mounting of electrical devices and wiring connections.
- Conduit Bodies – Ideal for providing pull points, splicing spaces, and directional changes, available in multiple styles such as Type LB, LL, LR, T, and C to suit different installation needs.
The Champlain Hudson Power Express (CHPE) is a landmark high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission project, spanning 339 miles from Quebec, Canada, to New York City. This project is critical for:
- Delivering clean, renewable hydroelectric power to New York.
- Reducing carbon emissions and enhancing grid reliability.
- Creating thousands of jobs and modernizing the region’s energy infrastructure.
For this massive underground and underwater transmission line, Ledes’ UL-listed PVC conduits and fittings were selected due to their superior durability, corrosion resistance, and electrical safety. Our Schedule 40 and 80 PVC conduits provide secure cable protection over long distances, ensuring efficient energy transmission while withstanding underground conditions.
The A.B. Brown Generating Station is a 700-megawatt (MW) power plant located along the Ohio River in Indiana, just southwest of Evansville. This facility, owned by CenterPoint Energy (formerly Vectren), consists of:
- Two coal-fired units, each with a 265.2 MW nameplate capacity, primarily using bituminous coal with the capability to substitute natural gas.
- Two gas turbine units, each providing 88.2 MW of capacity for additional power generation.
As part of CenterPoint Energy’s modernization plan, there are ongoing infrastructure improvements and grid enhancements to support future energy needs. The company previously announced plans to retire the coal-fired units and transition to natural gas-powered generation, pending approval from the Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission.
To ensure a secure and reliable electrical system, Ledes’ UL-listed PVC conduits and fittings were selected for various electrical installations and upgrades within the A.B. Brown facility.
UL 认证 – Ensuring compliance with safety and performance standards.
Durable & Corrosion-Resistant – Made from high-quality PVC for long-lasting performance in harsh environments.
易于安装 – Lightweight and designed for quick assembly.
Versatile Applications – Suitable for residential, commercial, and industrial electrical installations.
Ledes is proud to be a supplier for critical infrastructure projects that shape the future of energy. Our innovative, high-performance conduit solutions ensure safe and efficient electrical installations in the most demanding environments.
UL (Underwriters Laboratories) and CSA (Canadian Standards Association) are two leading organizations establishing safety and performance benchmarks for electrical conduits. Their standards ensure products meet rigorous requirements for durability, fire resistance, and environmental adaptability, with distinct regional and technical emphases.
- UL Standards: Primarily recognized in the United States, UL standards focus on ensuring that electrical products, including PVC conduits, are safe to use within the U.S. infrastructure. The UL standard for PVC conduit (e.g., UL 651) addresses fire safety, impact resistance, temperature ratings, and more.
- CSA Standards: These are focused on ensuring that products are safe for use within Canada. CSA standards often align with international guidelines but may have specific adjustments to reflect local safety and regulatory needs. CSA C22.2 No. 211.2 is the standard for PVC conduit in Canada, outlining similar requirements to UL but tailored for Canadian safety regulations.
Performance Requirements UL651 and CSA C22.2:
方面 | UL651 | CSA C22.2 第 211.2 号 |
Temperature | Use at 50° C(122°F) or lower ambient temperatures; Use with 75° C (or maybe 90° C) wiring. | Use at a continuous operating temperature of 75° C.
|
抗冲击性 | Test at 23.0 ±2.0° C, with 20lbs (9.1 kg) weight for Schedule 40. | Test at –34 ± 2 °C, with 12 J impact energy for rigid conduit.
|
抗拉强度 | 5,000 psi for Schedule 40 conduit | Not specified |
Resistant to Crushing | Detail required in section 6.9 | Not specified |
压缩 | Not specified | No cracks and decrease no more than 25% when subjected to certain forces. |
火焰 | 3 times of 60-seconds flame application, no more than 5s flame after each application. No flaming drops. | Not burn than 30 seconds, no flaming or glowing particles. |
耐日光性 | Same requirements with CSA | Same requirements with UL |
- 国家电气规范 (NEC): UL-certified PVC conduits are recognized for compliance with the U.S. National Electrical Code (NEC), which is the standard governing electrical installations across the United States.
- 加拿大电气规范 (CEC): CSA-certified PVC conduits are recognized for compliance with the Canadian Electrical Code (CEC), ensuring that products meet the specific safety and installation standards for electrical systems in Canada.
- UL Mark: PVC conduit that is UL-listed typically displays the UL mark, which indicates that it meets the specific UL safety standards and is approved for use in the United States.
- CSA标志:同样,符合 CSA 标准的 PVC 导管会标有 CSA 标志,表明其符合加拿大要求。
UL 和 CSA 标准对于确保 PVC 导管满足其各自地区的安全、性能和法规要求至关重要。虽然测试协议和要求有相似之处,但关键区别在于其适用的地域和具体法规。对于美国的项目,UL 认证的 PVC 导管是理想选择,而 CSA 认证的导管对于加拿大的安装至关重要。
正如我们在本指南中探讨的那样,UL 651 PVC 导管在现代电气安装中发挥着至关重要的作用,它兼具耐用性、耐火性、耐腐蚀性,并且符合 NEC 要求。它分为 Schedule 40 和 Schedule 80,可在不同的应用中灵活使用,确保电工和承包商能够根据机械保护需求和环境条件选择合适的类型。
无论您在地下设施、商业建筑还是工业设施中工作,使用符合 UL 651 标准的 PVC 导管都能确保您的电气系统符合安全标准并长期可靠运行。选择信誉良好的制造商生产的认证导管,既能保证其长期性能,又能确保符合行业法规。
随着对可持续、经济高效且可靠的电气解决方案的需求不断增长,UL 651 PVC 导管仍然是安全高效布线基础设施的关键组件。现在您已经全面了解了 UL 651,可以自信地为下一个项目选择合适的导管。
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