跳到内容 
目录
As electric vehicles (EVs) become more prevalent worldwide, setting up safe and effective charging infrastructure is critical to support the industry’s growth. One essential component is the conduit system, which protects the wiring that supplies power to EV chargers. This article explores international standards governing EV charging infrastructure, with a specific focus on 电气导管 requirements for safety, compatibility, and efficiency. We’ll look at standards such as IEC 61851 (International), SAE J1772 (USA), and GB/T 20234 (China) to compare how different regions address these needs.
IEC 61851 (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a global standard that defines the general requirements for conductive charging systems for electric vehicles. It sets guidelines for EV charging systems, including charging modes, cable requirements, and connector specifications.
Scope: Covers all four EV charging modes (from Mode 1 with basic AC charging to Mode 4 for fast DC charging – with a rated maximum voltage at side A of up to 1000V AC or up to 1500V DC and a rated maximum voltage at the side B up to 1500V DC).
Charging Types: Includes specifications for AC and DC charging.
Safety Requirements: Ensures protection from electric shocks, covers grounding, insulation, and temperature resistance.
The SAE J1772 standard, established by the Society of Automotive Engineers in the United States, specifies requirements for electric vehicle and plug-in hybrid vehicle charging connectors and communication protocols. It primarily focuses on AC Level 1 and Level 2 charging, commonly used in the US for residential and public charging stations.
Cover: This standard covers the general physical, electrical, functional, and performance requirements to facilitate conductive charging of EV/PHEV vehicle in North America.
Connector Type: Standardized Type 1 connector for AC charging.
Voltage Requirements: AC Level 1 (120V) and Level 2 (240V).
Communication Protocols: Enables safe communication between the vehicle and charging equipment.
GB/T 20234 is China’s national standard for EV charging interfaces. It includes guidelines for AC and DC charging and is primarily adopted in China. Which defines the Plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle couplers and vehicle inlets for conductive charging of electric vehicles-General requirements.
Connector Type: Unique to China’s market, incompatible with IEC or SAE.
Voltage Levels: AC up to 220V for Level 2, and DC up to 750V for fast charging.
Protection Requirements: Specifies insulation resistance, ground continuity, and short-circuit protection.
CHAdeMO (an abbreviation of “CHArge de MOve,” meaning “charge for moving”) is a DC fast-charging standard for electric vehicles (EVs) developed in Japan. It was introduced by a consortium that includes TEPCO (Tokyo Electric Power Company), Nissan, Mitsubishi, and Toyota and has become one of the most widely adopted fast-charging protocols globally. Originally designed to enable rapid DC charging, CHAdeMO has expanded significantly over the years to support high-power charging for larger vehicles, integrate bidirectional Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) capabilities, and enhance global compatibility with other charging systems.
IEC 61851’s requirements span a range of important areas for EV charging stations, ensuring both safety and efficiency in real-world operation. Below are the critical sections within the IEC 61851 standard that installers, manufacturers, and regulators need to understand:
IEC 61851 categorizes EV charging into four charging modes, each corresponding to specific applications, power levels, and safety requirements. The four modes help standardize the variety of EV charging speeds and setups, offering solutions suitable for both residential and commercial contexts. The following table provides a breakdown of these modes:
IEC 61851 Charging Modes Table
Mode |
Charging Type |
Current & Voltage |
Maximum Power |
应用 |
Safety Features |
Mode 1 | Basic AC charging | 16 A, 250V (single phase), 480V (three phases) | 3.7 kW | Residential, low power | Minimal; often lacks advanced safety |
Mode 2 | Enhanced AC charging | 32 A, 250V (single phase), 480V (three phases) | 7.4 kW | Home charging with added safety | Includes in-cable control and protection |
Mode 3 | Dedicated AC charging | 32 A, 250V (single phase), 480V (three phases) | 7.4 – 22 kW | Public stations, commercial | Grounding, RCDs, temperature control |
Mode 4 | High-power DC fast charging | 200 A, up to 400V | 50 – 400 kW | Highway fast chargers | Robust insulation, communication control |
Note: Modes 3 and 4 involve higher voltage and current levels, requiring more stringent protective measures to ensure user safety and prevent overheating.
Safety is a cornerstone of IEC 61851, with emphasis on grounding and protection against electric shock. The standard requires residual current devices (RCDs) for Modes 3 and 4, designed to disconnect power in the event of a fault. For DC charging, grounding protocols are even more stringent due to the higher current levels involved. Here’s a summary of safety measures required by charging mode:
IEC 61851 Safety Required of Charging Mode
Charging Mode | Safety Measures | Protection Level |
Mode 1 | Minimal; relies on basic outlet protection | 低的 |
Mode 2 | In-cable protection, including overload protection | 缓和 |
Mode 3 | RCDs, grounding, temperature monitoring | 高的 |
Mode 4 | RCDs, insulation monitoring, thermal management | Very High |
High-power DC charging (Mode 4) generates substantial heat, and IEC 61851 specifies that stations must include adequate thermal management to prevent overheating. Additionally, the standard emphasizes UV and moisture resistance for outdoor equipment to protect against environmental degradation. The following table summarizes temperature and environmental resilience requirements:
IEC 61851 temperature & Environmental Summarizes
Environmental Factor | Requirement | Applicable Modes |
Temperature | Thermal management for temperatures over 50°C | Modes 3, 4 |
抗紫外线 | Required for exposed outdoor conduits | Modes 2, 3, 4 |
Moisture Protection | Conduits must withstand high humidity levels | All Modes |
A unique aspect of IEC 61851 is its focus on interoperability. To ensure smooth operation across different manufacturers, the standard includes communication protocols that enable data exchange between the vehicle and charging station. These protocols cover battery status, charging rate adjustments, and other real-time parameters. This interoperability is crucial for fostering a unified charging experience, especially in public stations.
IEC 61851 mandates Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) compliance to reduce interference between EV chargers and other electronic devices, crucial in densely populated urban areas. Environmental requirements focus on durability and resilience to different weather conditions, as charging units often operate outdoors.
IEC 61851 emphasizes the vehicle-to-charger communication protocols that facilitate safe and controlled charging, including provisions for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration. The standard allows charging stations to implement ISO 15118 communication, enabling features such as:
Smart charging: Adjusting power levels based on grid capacity.
V2G support: Allows bi-directional power flow for grid stabilization.
User authentication: Facilitates secure, personalized charging sessions.
IEC 61851 specifies Type 2 connectors for AC charging and Combined Charging System (CCS) Combo Type 2 for DC charging in European markets. Safety features include ground fault protection, overcurrent monitoring, and thermal management, which are critical for high-power applications.
Data Example: IEC 61851’s Mode 4 allows for ultra-fast DC charging up to 400 kW, supporting efficient high-speed charging infrastructure.
IEC 61851 is indispensable for ensuring safety, functionality, and consistency in EV charging. Compliance with IEC 61851 not only provides a standard framework for installation but also improves operational efficiency and minimizes risks associated with high-voltage electrical systems. By following this standard, manufacturers, installers, and regulatory authorities ensure that each EV charging station:
- Provides consistent, safe charging across various vehicle types and manufacturers.
- Minimizes the risk of electrical shock, overheating, and mechanical damage.
- Offers resilience against environmental factors like UV exposure, moisture, and high temperatures.
- Ensures interoperability for enhanced user convenience and universal access to charging.
SAE J1772, developed by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) in the United States, is the North American standard for EV charging. Primarily used across the U.S. and Canada, SAE J1772 outlines specific requirements for connector types, charging levels, communication protocols, and safety measures. With a strong focus on residential and commercial charging, J1772 supports both AC Level 1 and Level 2 charging, as well as DC fast charging.
The SAE J1772 standard addresses multiple technical and safety considerations to create a well-rounded charging experience for consumers. Below are the key components and specifications within the standard, accompanied by relevant tables and data.
SAE J1772 specifies two main charging connector types for EVs: AC Level 1, AC Level 2, and DC fast charging. Each type offers different power outputs and charging speeds to meet various needs, from residential charging to high-speed public stations.
Charging Connector Types & Power Levels Date Sheet
Charging Type | Connector Type |
Voltage |
Current |
Power Output |
主要用途 |
AC Level 1 | J1772 Connector |
120V |
12-16A |
高达 1.9 千瓦 | 住宅、夜间充电 |
空调 2 级 | J1772 Connector |
240伏 |
高达80A |
高达 19.2 千瓦 | 住宅及公共 |
直流快速充电 | 组合连接器 (CCS1) |
200-600伏 |
400A |
高达350kW （CCS1） | 高速公共充电 |
Note: 1级和2级充电均为交流电，而直流快速充电则采用组合充电系统 (CCS1) 连接器，该连接器结合了交流和直流充电功能，可实现更快的电力输送。因此，SAE J1772 使充电站能够覆盖广泛的功率水平，使其适用于私人和公共电动汽车充电基础设施。
SAE J1772 将安全放在首位，对接地和防触电机制提出了严格的要求。该标准包括使用接地故障断路器 (GFCI) 自动检测并中断漏电，保护用户免受触电。此外，过流保护功能可确保充电站免受过大电流的侵害，避免过热或设备损坏。
SAE J1772 接地要求
充电水平 | 所需的安全功能 | 保护 |
AC Level 1 | GFCI，基本接地 | 低至中等 |
空调 2 级 | GFCI、热管理、过流保护 | 中等至高 |
直流快速充电 | 接地、绝缘监测、坚固的 RCD | 高的 |
数据说明： 根据最近的数据，2 级充电器中使用的 GFCI 在正确安装的情况下可将触电风险降低高达 80%，这凸显了这些保护措施在高功率充电环境中的重要性。
与支持高级 V2G 功能的 IEC 61851 不同，SAE J1772 的独特之处在于它强调车辆与充电站之间的通信。通过其 Pilot Signal 通信协议，J1772 使车辆和充电站能够交换有关电池状态、充电电流水平和安全检查的关键数据。此功能不仅有助于高效的能量传输，还通过实时监控和调整来提高安全性。
导频信号功能：
- 允许电台 检测车辆存在.
- 沟通 充电电流可用性.
- 管理 充电状态信息 和 充电水平调整.
SAE J1772 通信协议
导频信号作用 | 功能 |
车辆检测 | 识别电动汽车是否已连接 |
充电量调整 | 根据电池需求调整电流 |
故障检测 | 监测接地或过流故障 |
通过促进电动汽车和充电基础设施之间的互操作性，SAE J1772 确保不同制造商的车辆可以使用兼容的充电站，从而促进整个北美的无缝充电体验。
SAE J1772 包含户外适应性的基本要求，尤其针对高功率 2 级和直流快速充电，但不像 IEC 标准那样强调 EMC。导管和外壳的设计可承受典型的北美气候，并规定了在暴露安装中的防尘防潮规格。
对于户外安装，该标准强调抗紫外线和防潮，确保设备能够承受多变的天气条件，而不会影响安全性或性能。
SAE J1772 4.环境规则
Environmental Factor | Requirement | 适用充电等级 |
温度控制 | 需要大功率直流充电器 | 直流快速充电 |
抗紫外线 | 户外安装必需 | 户外使用时的所有级别 |
Moisture Protection | IP 防护等级外壳，可抵御潮湿 | 主要用于室外 2 级和直流 |
符合 SAE J1772 标准对于确保电动汽车充电的安全性、兼容性和可靠性至关重要。符合这些标准意味着电动汽车充电基础设施可以支持各种充电级别和车辆类型，从而为住宅和商业用户提供可靠且标准化的充电体验。符合 J1772 标准还有助于制造商符合北美安全标准，从而降低责任风险并增强消费者对电动汽车技术的信心。
GB/T 20234 包含多项标准，专门规范交流和直流充电连接器、通信协议、安全措施和技术规范。该标准旨在满足中国独特的充电需求，并与中国推动可持续城市交通解决方案的举措紧密契合。本简介概述了 GB/T 20234 的关键方面，并提供了数据表来说明该标准对充电连接器、导管类型、功率等级和安全协议的要求。
GB/T 20234 标准由三个主要部分组成，每个部分都针对特定的充电方法，旨在确保中国所有电动汽车充电系统采用标准化方法。
GB/T 20234 规定了交流充电、直流充电和直流快速充电的不同连接器，每种连接器均经过定制，以适应不同的功率需求和安装环境。下表总结了主要的连接器类型及其功率规格，以实现多种充电速度：
GB/T 20234 充电连接器类型及功率等级表
Charging Type | Connector Type |
Voltage |
Current | Power Output | 主要用途 |
交流充电 |
1 型 GB/T |
220-240伏 |
10-32A |
高达 7.7 千瓦 | 住宅、公共场所慢速充电 |
直流充电 |
2 型 GB/T |
450-750伏 |
高达80A |
高达 60 千瓦 | 公共高速充电 |
直流快速充电 | 国标3型 | 450-1000伏 | 高达250A | 高达 250 千瓦 | 高速公路快速充电 |
Note: 交流充电主要用于住宅环境或低速公共充电站，而直流充电和直流快速充电则适用于大功率应用，为较长的行驶距离提供快速充电。
GB/T 20234 包含针对以下通信协议的严格指南： 即时的 充电状态 (SOC) 监控 以及动态充电调整。通过控制导频信号和近距导频协议，GB/T 标准使充电站能够：
- 识别车辆何时连接并确定充电电流。
- 实时监控并调整充电状态（SOC）。
- 在紧急情况下检测故障或断开电源。
GB/T 20234 通信与SOC监控
协议类型 | 目的 | 功能 |
控制导频信号 | 建立连接并准备充电 | 车辆检测、充电启动/停止 |
近距导频协议 | 提供额外的安全控制 | 故障检测、紧急停机 |
SOC通信 | 监控电池状态 | 实时SOC跟踪，充电优化 |
安全协议对GB/T 20234至关重要，尤其对于高压直流快速充电站而言。该标准规定了接地措施、绝缘监测和热保护，以确保用户免受电气危险、过热和潜在设备损坏的危害。本节对于大容量充电器尤其重要，因为它们需要先进的保护措施来管理高电流和电压水平。
GB/T 20234 接地要求
Charging Type | Safety Measures | Protection Level |
交流充电 | 基本接地、绝缘检查 | 低至中等 |
直流充电 | 过流保护、RCD、热控制 | 高的 |
直流快速充电 | 接地、高级绝缘监测 | 非常高 |
数据说明： 最近的安全评估表明，直流快速充电器中的热控制系统与 GB/T 接地要求结合使用时，可显著减少过热事故，最高可达 90%，表明这些安全措施的有效性。
由于直流快速充电站输出功率高，会产生大量热量，因此热管理是 GB/T 20234 的重点关注点。该标准规定了超过特定功率水平的充电器必须配备冷却机制，并提出了环境保护要求，包括户外设备的抗紫外线、防潮和防尘性能。
GB/T 20234 环境与热管理
Environmental Factor | Requirement | 适用充电类型 |
温度控制 | 大功率直流充电站必备 | 直流快速充电 |
抗紫外线 | 暴露在外的户外设备必须 | 交流、直流和直流快速充电 |
防尘防潮 | IP54 或以上等级外壳 | 所有户外充电类型 |
遵守 GB/T 20234 标准对于确保中国充电基础设施安全可靠且兼容各种电动汽车至关重要。遵守该标准还有助于降低安全风险，提升用户体验，并促进电动汽车行业的更快发展。对于制造商、安装商和运营商而言，GB/T 20234 为建设符合中国电动汽车充电高标准的充电站提供了一个强大的框架，从而能够：
- 统一兼容性 与所有中国市场的电动汽车兼容，确保消费者能够轻松使用。
- 增强安全性 通过严格的接地、绝缘和温度控制。
- 在不同气候条件下的耐用性, addressing UV exposure, moisture, and dust ingress.
- Optimized performance with standards for effective communication, SOC monitoring, and fault detection.
CHAdeMO has distinct technical requirements for connectors, voltage, current levels, communication protocols, and safety features, making it one of the pioneering standards in the fast-charging landscape.
CHAdeMO’s specifications allow for efficient high-speed charging by delivering direct current (DC) directly to the vehicle’s battery. The standard initially supported a maximum of 50 kW of power, but recent versions have extended this capacity significantly, meeting the demands of next-generation EVs.
Voltage, Current, and Power Specifications for CHAdeMO
Version | Voltage Range | Current | Power Output | 应用 |
CHAdeMO 1.0 | 50-500V DC | Up to 125A | Up to 50 kW | Older EV models, moderate fast charging |
CHAdeMO 2.0 | 50-1000V DC | Up to 400A | Up to 400 kW | Heavy-duty vehicles, highway fast charging |
CHAdeMO 3.0 (ChaoJi) | 200-1500V DC | Up to 600A | Up to 900 kW | Ultra-fast charging, supporting V2G |
Notable Data: CHAdeMO’s current maximum output of 900 kW (under the new ChaoJi connector version) places it among the fastest charging systems worldwide, making it suitable for heavy-duty and high-capacity EVs like buses and trucks, as well as personal EVs.
The CHAdeMO connector is a two-pin DC connector with an ergonomically designed interface, ensuring user safety and ease of use. The standard connector has 5 pins, two of which are dedicated to power delivery, and three are used for communication and safety checks.
The newest CHAdeMO version, CHAdeMO 3.0 (also called ChaoJi), introduces a smaller, more efficient connector that is backward compatible with CHAdeMO 2.0, ensuring existing stations can be upgraded easily. The ChaoJi connector is also compatible with CCS, providing flexibility and integration with other global standards.
CHAdeMO incorporates a highly reliable digital communication protocol that allows real-time monitoring and control over the charging process. This protocol manages:
- Battery monitoring: Real-time updates on the state of charge (SOC), battery health, and temperature.
- Dynamic power adjustment: Optimizes power delivery based on the vehicle’s SOC, reducing charging speed as the battery approaches full charge.
- Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) capability: CHAdeMO was the first standard to incorporate bidirectional charging, allowing power to flow from the vehicle back to the grid, which supports energy management and grid stabilization.
Safety is central to the CHAdeMO standard, particularly at high-power levels. Key features include:
- Interlock Mechanism: Prevents the charging session from starting unless the connector is securely connected, reducing risks of accidental disconnection.
- Overcurrent and Overvoltage Protection: Ensures charging stops if electrical thresholds are exceeded, protecting both the EV battery and the charger.
- Thermal Management: Implements real-time monitoring of temperature to prevent overheating, particularly during high-current charging sessions.
CHAdeMO’s V2G capability has positioned it as a leader in bidirectional charging, which has significant implications for energy management and the adoption of renewable energy. This feature enables vehicles to:
Return power to the grid during peak demand, helping stabilize energy availability.
Support home energy needs as a backup power source in cases of outages.
The CHAdeMO protocol’s bidirectional charging is used in Japan and is being piloted in other regions as a way to make the energy grid more resilient and optimize renewable energy use.
CHAdeMO chargers are designed to function in diverse environmental conditions, given Japan’s climate variability. Requirements include:
- Protection from moisture, dust, and temperature fluctuations: Ensures reliable operation in both outdoor and indoor environments.
- Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) compliance: Reduces interference with other electronic devices, especially important in dense urban areas.
IEC 61851, SAE J1772, and GB/T 20234 three standards all set the safety and installation requirements for EV charging stations, but there are some differences between them, here are the key differences:
IEC 61851 & SAE J1772 & GB/T 20234 Comparing
Standard | Region of Focus | Connector Type | Charging Levels Supported |
Communication | Unique Requirements |
IEC 61851 | Europe & International | IEC Type 2, CCS Combo Type 2 | Modes 1-4, including V2G | Advanced, includes ISO 15118 | Global compatibility, EMC, diverse modes, V2G |
SAE J1772 | 北美 | J1772 for AC, CCS1 for DC | AC Level 1, AC Level 2, DC Fast | Basic pilot signal, simpler protocols | Standardized connectors, high safety focus, 80A AC Level 2 |
GB/T 20234 | 中国 | GB/T proprietary connectors | AC, DC, Ultra-Fast (up to 250kW) | Comprehensive real-time SOC monitoring | High DC capacity, robust environmental standards |
CHAdeMO | Japan, with adoption in EU and globally | CHAdeMO (2.0), ChaoJi (3.0) | Primarily DC Fast, high-power DC up to 900 kW | CAN bus, CHAdeMO-specific digital protocol | Pioneering V2G, high-power DC, backward-compatible with CCS |
The conduit system is crucial for protecting the electrical wiring in EV charging infrastructure. Various conduit types offer different levels of protection, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. Below is a breakdown of the most common conduit types used in EV charging stations.
PVC conduit like 附表 40 导管 和 Sch 80 PVC conduit are widely used due to their affordability, ease of installation, and resistance to moisture and corrosion. PVC is generally suitable for outdoor installations as well, provided it’s protected from direct sunlight.
RMC is a heavy-duty conduit made from galvanized steel or aluminum, offering robust protection against physical damage and excellent fire resistance. It’s ideal for high-traffic public charging stations or areas where security is a concern.
EMT is a lightweight, thin-walled conduit made from aluminum or steel. It is easy to bend and install, making it ideal for indoor installations or areas where flexibility is required.
HDPE conduit stands for High-Density Polyethylene conduit, a type of plastic conduit made from high-density polyethylene material, known for its flexibility, durability, and environmental resistance. It is commonly used for protecting electrical and data cables, especially in underground and outdoor applications.
4 Commonly Used Electrical Conduit in EV Charging Stations
导管类型 | 材料 | Best Use Case | 优点 | 缺点 |
聚氯乙烯 (附表 40/80) | Plastic | Underground, exposed with Schedule 80 | Lightweight, corrosion-resistant | Brittle in cold, limited heat tolerance |
再生材料公司 | Metal | Exposed outdoor areas | High durability, fire-resistant, grounding | Heavy, costly, labor-intensive |
紧急医疗救护 | Metal | Indoor or protected locations | Lightweight, cost-effective for indoor use | Limited outdoor use, less impact-resistant |
高密度聚乙烯 | Plastic | Underground long runs | Flexible, impact-resistant, corrosion-resistant | Not suitable for high heat, limited UV resistance |
If you are interested in the NEC code compliance for electrical conduits, you can read our earlier post, ‘NEC Code Compliance for EV Charging Stations.‘
As the demand for EV charging infrastructure grows, so does the need for more advanced and intelligent conduit systems that go beyond basic cable protection. Smart conduit technology is emerging as a promising innovation for real-time monitoring, data analytics, and predictive maintenance, offering a range of potential benefits:
Embedded Sensors: Smart conduits can incorporate sensors to monitor conditions such as temperature, humidity, and pressure inside the conduit, offering real-time data on the environment surrounding the electrical wiring.
Electrical Monitoring: Sensors can detect voltage, current, and potential power fluctuations in the wiring. Any anomalies can be flagged immediately, preventing potential equipment failures or safety hazards.
Leak and Moisture Detection: Moisture and leak sensors can detect water ingress in underground or exposed conduits, allowing operators to address these issues before they cause cable damage or service interruptions.
Data Aggregation: Smart conduits can continuously collect data on environmental conditions, electrical load, and system performance. This data can be aggregated and analyzed to identify trends and patterns in power usage and system health.
Predictive Analysis: With data analytics, operators can anticipate potential issues by identifying conditions that historically precede failures, enabling proactive repairs and minimizing downtime.
使用优化： 充电模式和电力需求数据有助于优化能源分配和预测高峰使用时间，从而改善资源管理和效率。
故障预测： 通过持续监测温度峰值、异常电气负载或导管老化等数据点，智能导管可以实现预测性维护。这意味着可以在问题恶化之前解决问题，从而降低维护成本并提高安全性。
资产寿命： 预测性维护可防止过热等问题（随着时间的推移，过热可能会损坏组件），从而延长电缆和设备的使用寿命。
节省成本： 及早发现磨损可以及时修理或更换，从而减少昂贵的紧急维修和长时间服务中断的可能性。
数据共享： 智能管道可以与电动汽车充电站管理系统共享实时和历史数据，全面了解充电站的健康状况和性能。
远程诊断： 集成功能可实现远程监控，使充电站操作员无需亲自前往每个充电站即可排除故障。这种远程功能对于大型充电站网络尤其有益。
自动警报： 许多智能导管可以针对过流、过热或潮湿等问题触发自动警报，使操作员能够迅速做出反应以最大限度地降低风险。
跟踪能源消耗： 智能管道可以记录能源使用情况，提供有助于满足法规合规性和报告要求的数据。准确的能源跟踪有助于实现可持续发展目标并符合能源效率标准。
支持数据驱动的决策： 智能管道产生的洞察力可帮助运营商就容量规划、基础设施扩展和维护计划做出明智的决策。
国际标准在指导电动汽车充电站基础设施建设方面发挥着至关重要的作用，其导管系统的设计旨在确保安全高效的电力输送。通过比较 IEC 61851、SAE J1772、GB/T 20234 和 CHAdeMO，我们发现，不同地区在安全、导管材料和技术规范方面采取了不同的做法，而这些做法的优先级各不相同。在为电动汽车充电设施选择导管时，环境暴露、导管材料特性以及是否符合当地标准等因素对于确保耐用、安全的设施至关重要，以满足全球对可靠电动汽车基础设施的需求。
ZH 
EN 
FR 
ES 
ES_MX 
PT 
AR 
DE 
KO 